The Development of Motor Skills in babies/Young Children Free Essays

Presentation: A child’s prior encounter and condition impact their future turn of events, wellbeing and prosperity. It is perceived that children’s improvement happens in stages and that they need the correct backings to basic period in their life to accomplish their possibilities. In the event that a kid doesn't procure aptitude the way he/she should, at that point there are sure factors that are answerable for that, they include: low birth weight, rashly, birth injury, inability, ceaseless disease, postponed advancement, absence of child rearing information. We will compose a custom paper test on The Development of Motor Skills in babies/Young Children or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Be that as it may, if a youngster is guided against the expressed above as far as autonomy, great critical thinking abilities, and positive self-idea, these thus are impacted by engine aptitude obtaining. Aptitude securing identifies with formative expertise and these includes zone, for example, net engine, fine engine, self improvement, social, language and subjective advancement abilities. Physiotherapists have specialists in the advancement of gross engine abilities, which is correspondingly on positive self-idea. The connection between expertise advancement and wellbeing/prosperity is hard to characterize in a scholastically thorough manner. Studies including an assortment of kids with unique needs have exhibited that engine aptitudes and positive self idea are basic to children’s capacity to take an interest at school (Jongmans et every one of the 1996). Little information plainly characterize the boundaries of engine coordination challenges in kids. Different evaluations of seriousness and co dismalness appear to exist. A few youngsters have just a generally minor type of engine dyscoordination, while others have related learning inabilities, consideration deficiency, and different challenges. In 1996, fox and loaned found that, rather than the basic conviction that youngsters develop out to these troubles, they will in general wait without mediation. Early mediation is gainful when the cerebrum is changing significantly during the principal year of life and new associations and capacities are procured. Way Physiology: Engine coordination is the result of an intricate arrangement of intellectual and physical procedures that are frequently underestimated in kids who are growing typically, smooth, directed and exact development both gross and fine, require the amicable working of tangible info, focal preparing of this data in the mind and coordination with the high official cerebral capacities, for example infringement, inspiration, engine arranging of a movement. Additionally gained is the presentation of a specific engine design. These components must work in a planned and fast manner to empower complex development including various pieces of the body. Strong Tone: Strong tone alludes to the essential and steady continuous withdrawal or solid action in the muscles. It tends to be comprehended as a standard or foundation level. Tone might be ordinary, excessively low, or excessively high. In the event that a strong tone is excessively high, kids show up to some degree hardened and don't move in smooth and common manner. Net Motor abilities: Net engine aptitudes allude to the capacity of youngsters to do exercises that require huge muscles or gathering of muscles. It acts in a planned manner to achieve a development or a progression of developments. Stances are a significant component to consider in the appraisal of gross engine aptitudes. Fine Motor Skills: Fine engine abilities are the development of little muscles that demonstration in a composed and reasonable manner, for example, hand, feet and so forth, and the muscle in the head, to achieve increasingly troublesome and sensitive errands. Fine engine are the premise of coordination, which start with moving from hand to intersection the midline when matured a half year. Tangible Integration: This alludes to working of the cerebrum, i.e., how to oversee sources of info and produces yield. Yield incorporates engine reactions. Every kid has a one of a kind profile of reaction to tangible upgrades. Youngsters with engine troubles frequently have issues in the mix of tangible information. Strategy SECTION: Exploration has demonstrated that youngsters who discover playing out certain engine task troublesome, baffling or even incomprehensible frequently become disheartened and along these lines keep away from these errand by and large. Possible evasion of testing physical errand in a youngster who buckle down on drawing or composing with poor outcome is reasonable. Articulation of Problems: Youngsters are unique in relation to one another both when they are youthful and after they develop, they are diverse in light of the fact that they were raised in an unexpected way. Some were hit, some were most certainly not. Some got tyrant child rearing, some tolerant, some definitive, some were latrine prepared early and brutally, some were left to cry in the bunk and some were snuggle, thus it went. Here, accentuation will be on youngster and appropriate toileting, his/her mentality and general information. Furthermore, on this note will achieve the speculation as expressed underneath: H0: There is a connection between a kid prior prepared on toileting and his  â â â â â â general disposition. Hello: There is no connection between a youngster prior prepared on toileting and theâ general mentality . Discoveries: The scientist utilized essential information since it was straightforwardly from the field in their unique state. Elementary schools and day cares focuses were visited and the meeting was unstructured to empower the questioner enter profound and follow unexpected signs. Since it was just meeting technique that was utilized, two grade schools and multi day care focuses were visited since the accentuation is on engine expertise which is tied in with instructing a youngster early. The aggregate of nine educators in grade schools and twelve caretakers in day care focuses were talked with, giving a sum of twenty one instructors. As delineated in the table beneath: The above table shows that out of 21 journalists, 15 of them concurred that legitimate toileting is better from youth, as the kid will be molded to it, which spoke to 71.4 percent, while 6 reporters said that whether the youngster is prepared or not, he/she will act as per the quality or what the companion bunch thought them. This spoke to 28.6 percents. Conversation: kids delicate reactions towards toileting isn't programmed yet had preparing forms That guardians has a great deal of tasks to carry out as in acquainting the kid with appropriate toileting from 3months old enough That if a kid is appropriately prepared on toileting, will be molded to it That if a kid isn't prepared before enough, would letter the earth anytime. Furthermore, that tidiness is close to purity This is lion's share conclusions and ought to be hold fast to, since it is expressed here, that tidiness is close to righteousness and unremitting toileting prompts extended ailment, just as shames to the guardians. Conversation SECTION The indication portrayed above depends on the presumption that kids have chance to rehearse engine exercises in the event that they are being educated. Youngsters require at least introduction and practice to create ability with scissors and drawing. A youngster who is eminently ignored or not presented to normal physical errands may have physical deficiencies therefore. Essential perspective in engine improvement are presentation to assignments, guardian who perceive the child’s formative needs, the open door for the kid to be shown abilities, fitting incitement of the youngster, and an open door for the kid to create and rehearse new developments. These perspectives have been named the dynamic hypothesis of engine improvement, which hypothesizes that kids grow new engine aptitudes as they are required, contingent upon the communications with nature and on the difficulties parented. Practice, understanding, and condition are significant determinants of improvement, notwithstanding the child’s characteristic hereditary limits. Advancement is formed by a procedure of determination in which youngsters create development collections that are ideal for working in their particular ecological conditions. At the point when the condition is not kidding and observable to everybody, the youngster is destined to be defamed at school and regularly at home. Youngsters with engine coordination troubles frequently feel embarrassed about their poor capacity to play out any engine assignments, particularly those required to take part in sports and to accomplish aptitudes in schools. The clinical image of engine coordination issues is surveyed from a formative perspective, i.e., by thinking about typical physical limits at various ages. Assessment of a child’s improvement incorporates a thought of individual variety, by figuring in the scope of time at which engine aptitudes, for instance are ordinarily obtained. Youthful newborn children keep up flexor tone in the initial scarcely any long periods of life and just slowly create expansion designs. Additionally newborn children with engine challenges are frequently postponed in accomplishing achievement, for example, theâ ability to turn over, to sit with assistance, and to sit without assistance. Newborn children with engine issues will most likely be unable to continue their weight following a half year when upheld under their arms. So failure for a youngster to create in engine abilities show from early stages, third long stretches of life, preschool and school matured kids, hereditary and natural variables among others. Basically, assessment of a child’s improvement remembers a thought of individual variety by figuring for the scope of time at which engine abilities, for instance, are typically procured. Assessing the general advancement of a youngster is best, considering the qualities style and quality and shortcomings of every kid. REFERNCES: Jongmans M, Demeter JD, Dubowitz L and Henderson SE (1996): How Local is the Impact of explicit learning troubles in untimely children’s assessment of their fitness. Diary of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry 37: 563-568. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/915251-review H

Global Warming Essay Essay

The possibility of worldwide became predominant when the world started industrializing. As the notoriety of vehicles developed and mechanical processing plants started to jump up the air quality endured. The issue was not perceived in light of the fact that, beside a couple of orange skies, there were no conspicuous impacts. In spite of the fact that nowadays we can perceive what an unnatural weather change is doing to our Earth, there are as yet those individuals who accept that people are too little to even consider making an effect. An unnatural weather change is over and over again set aside for later, and things that appear to be progressively significant are made need. Anyway an unnatural weather change is attached back to those things that appear to be a need. The Earth is our home and ought to be put first. New York Times, Marjorie Connelly cites Bernice Schneiderman, â€Å"Economic development is significant, yet in the event that we don’t deal with nature, we won’t be here to appreciate it,† If we are continually concentrating on the economy or different issues, the Earth will arrive at a moment that it is not, at this point inhabitable. In spite of the fact that this is a significant issue â€Å"31 percent believed an unnatural weather change to be a characteristic marvel, and 10 percent didn't acknowledge the possibility of an Earth-wide temperature boost at all.† (Marjorie Connelly). More than 40% of the populace doesn't understand that our planet is in a difficult situation. This rate is without a doubt so politically tied. â€Å"18 percent of Republicans didn't think a dangerous atmospheric devation was real† and â€Å"sixty-one percent of democrats said a worldwide temperature alteration was causing an effect now,†. Regularly the moderate Republican Party will in general be a more established gathering of individuals, while the Democrat Party is comprised of an a lot more youthful gathering of individuals. Obviously â€Å"those 65 and more seasoned expected to see no effect from worldwide warming†, their time is short so they have no motivation to think about the environmental change. Anyway strangely, â€Å"Many more youthful individuals expected, (to see sway from a worldwide temperature alteration) including 50 percent of those under 30.† It is the more youthful individuals who care, since they are the ones who will endure if som ething isn't done to stop environmental change. In spite of the fact that the democrats are not paying heed to the environmental change, the Pentagon is. Lisa Freidman and Climate Wire report that â€Å"The Pentagon discharged a milestone report (yesterday) announcing environmental change a ‘immediate risk’†. In the event that the administration feels this unequivocally about environmental change why don’t we? In addition to the fact that they care, they are taking care of business. Safeguard secretary Chuck Hagel â€Å"embraced up and coming U.N. dealings in Lima Peru, planned for building up another worldwide agreement† and â€Å"leaders would like to see a draft develop at the Lima Climate talks in December.† Officials, for example, Chuck Hagel know that environmental change doesn't simply mean hotter temperatures, however that â€Å"climate change is a ‘threat multiplier’†. One of the chain responses that will happen is the conspicuous ascending of ocean levels. Rising ocean levels implies that costal army installations will be overflowed, leaving them â€Å"vulnerable† and it will â€Å"complicate observation and surveillance capability†. What might our country come to if each costal army installation was no more? Nations would be increasingly helpless against fear mongering and assaults and, those couple of, yet influential individuals who don't put stock in an Earth-wide temperature boost are permitting this to occur. Other than fear based oppression and assaults, an unnatural weather change would likewise make restricted assets. 2014 environmental Change Adaption Roadmap warms that â€Å"climate change could leave effectively feeble countries increasingly powerless, from limiting food and water to convincing mass migration.† This is the reason it is critical for us to take care of the a dangerous atmospheric devation emergency. This doesn't involve hotter summers and colder winters, it is life and conceivable passing for many individuals. Environmental change is a to a great extent discussed subject, yet there is clear and unmistakable verification of its belongings. Despite the fact that the change isn't happening for the time being, Brad Plumer in â€Å"The Washington Post† composes â€Å"the worldwide normal is changing over a more drawn out period.† The impacts of an Earth-wide temperature boost are clear in the Annual Global Temperature Anomalies; the records kept from 1950-2012 show an undeniable upward pattern (The Washington Post). Despite the fact that winters despite everything exist, each ice rack has not softened, we despite everything have â€Å"La Niã ±a† years, a definitive pattern shows that the Earth is getting hotter. The inquiry is, what is causing this general increment in temperature? The appropriate response is that people are adding abundance carbon dioxide to the environment and â€Å"Climate researchers are very certain that in the event that we continue adding carbon di oxide to the air, thatâ will trap more warmth in the Earth’s surface and the worldwide normal temperature will keep on ascending over time.† (Brad Plumer). Carbon dioxide is a huge factor in the environmental change however it isn't the main source. Different things that impact the Earth’s temperature are characteristic occasions, for example, â€Å"El Niã ±o and La Niã ±a cycles†¦volcanoes†¦ air contamination. There are changes in sunlight based movement thus forth.† (Brad Plumer). In spite of the fact that people are not by any means the only purpose of a dangerous atmospheric devation we are making the environmental change increasingly extraordinary. Since we live on this planet it is significant for us to deal with it, so whatever nature tosses at us won't be the end on mankind. â€Å"The IPCC says that substantial precipitation occasions in the Northern Hemisphere are relied upon to increment as the planet warms up. Be that as it may, that expectation is for all seasons, not simply winter†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This means is there will be outrageous climate conditions; it will be coming down vigorously in one piece of the world and another part experience an extraordinary dry spell. This will impact assets, food and clean water for individuals, and the general prosperity of the humankind. Another impact of a dangerous atmospheric devation is that it will cause the fly streams that help to warmth and cool our planet to change altogether. This again will make our planet heat up even more,† we’ll still observe record cool fronts in the United States as the planet warms up. They’ll simply become less regular after some time, while record heat waves will turn out to be progressively common.† The proof of a dangerous atmospheric devation is directly before us. On the other side, albeit numerous individuals entire heartedly have faith in environmental change, their contention is about as tough as the supposed â€Å"melting† icy masses. The first of numerous deficiencies in the environmental change hypothesis and battle is that they don't unveil all data. In Donna Edmund’s article â€Å"Man-made Climate Change is a Myth† she cites climate station organizer John Coleman saying â€Å"your just speakers are two individuals who keep on introducing bombed science as if it is the last and complete story,† concerning the Hammer Forum on Climate Change. The way that these discussions and associations are fail to recognize logical data against their contention is amazingly concerning. Would they be able to be purposefully concealing things from general society? When Edmund raises the significant point that â€Å"The polar ice is expanding, not softening endlessly. Polar Bears are expanding in numbers. Warmth waves have really decreased not increase.† The individuals whoâ are contending for environmental change don't have an any grounds to be taken seriously. This demonstrates the battle to demonstrate environmental change is all the more a political development as opposed to an endeavor to spare nature. Before any of that sounds remotely persuading, where is their genuine proof? Those contending against the reality of an Earth-wide temperature boost have no solid realities, however numerous assessments, some may even say obliviousness. Environmental change is something that will be bantered as long as there is cash to have and capacity to be picked up. Anyway it is critical to know the intentions behind and contention before you side with one. The rationale behind demonstrating environmental change and taking care of business is to spare the Earth and everybody on it. This is matter of adoring each other enough to secure our planet. What lengths would you go to, to secure the fate of your youngsters and your grandkids? List of sources Connelly, Marjorie. â€Å"Global Warming Concerns Grow.† The New York Times 22 Sept. 2014 Edmunds, Donna R. â€Å"Man-made Climate Change Is a Myth.† Weather.com. The Weather Channel, 24 Oct. 2014 â€Å"Efforts to End Shark Finning Make Progress.† 19 Sept. 2012. Web. 11 Nov. 2014. Friedman, Lisa. â€Å"Immediate Risk to National Security Posed by Global Warming.† ClimateWire 14 Oct. 2014 Plumer, Brad. â€Å"The Washington Post.† Can Global Warming Be Real If It’s Cold in the U.S.? Um†¦yes! (January 6)

The first of the lasts

The first of the lasts Although I do make active attempts to avoid goopiness and introspection, sometimes they creep into my life nonetheless. (Im the daughter of a woman who cries at telephone commercials, and Im actively trying to avoid my fate as a hopeless goop myself. Im not being particularly successful I cried at every single movie I saw in theatres in 2005. While this includes legitimately sad movies like Star Wars, it also encompasses completely not-sappy movies like March of the Penguins and Sahara.) Today was my last Registration Day, when all MIT students visit their advisors to confirm their course schedules for the upcoming term. My advisor, Earl Miller, was out of town today, so the Brain and Cognitive Sciences undergraduate administrator, Jason, signed my form and double-checked with me that Ive taken care of all my graduation requirements. On my way to turn in my form (to the lovely Jessie, I might add), I ran into my friend Akhil 05 MEng 06, who is the only other person from my high school to ever get into MIT. As we were gossiping about people with whom we went to high school, our friend Laura 06 caught up with us. Were all graduating, so naturally the conversation turned to our plans for next year. Akhil is getting his masters in course 6 (EECS) in June, and has accepted a position with an investment banking firm in Chicago. Laura is getting a bachelors degree in course 6 (EECS) and one in course 15 (management), and is going to law school she currently has acceptances from NYU and Georgetown, and is waiting on others. Im getting two bachelors degrees one in course 9 (brain and cognitive sciences) and one in course 7 (biology), and Im heading to a PhD program in biology. And its all super-weird. Life gets very different very fast as you go through your senior year something many of you are probably realizing as you go through your senior year of high school but its even weirder in college. All the juniors are still worried about grades and parties and whos going to be president of which club next year and my friends and I are looking at our honest-to-goodness grown-up futures. We still have one foot in the college world, but were starting to realize that we have one foot in the real world (insofar as graduate school is the real world, of course). And it makes me feel excited well, excited and scared. Not to mention extraordinarily grateful for the education Ive received at MIT which has prepared me for these awesome PhD programs which are recruiting me, but really, were going to leave the rest of that thought for a later day. (If I get started on all the things MIT has done for me as a student and as a person, Im really not going to be able to stanch the flow of goop.) Okay, were done with sentimentality for the day. Onward to more pressing matters! Questions! 1. Thanks everybody for your birthday wishes! I had a good birthday, but Im awfully glad to be back in Boston. (And Bryan, Ghirardelli Square was most definitely a stop on our SF tour. Right after the Fishermans Wharf sea lions.) Doesnt 22 sound awfully dignified? 2. Aditya asked Is the program composed of self-starters, with very little peer pressure to work hard, or do students in the program encourage each other to work hard? Id love an answer to that relevant to MIT.. Actually, I was planning to write on that tonight (before sentimentality about this being my last Reg Day set in) I think thats a very important topic that few people really seem to consider. Next time, I promise! 3. Sam (not this Sam) asked when you can start a UROP. You can definitely start one in your first term at MIT, providing that you can find a faculty member who wants to work with you. Generally, people who start UROPs in their first term have prior research experience, although my Adam 07 started UROPing his first term freshman year, and hed never researched before. Starting the summer before freshman year might be a little trickier (just because youd have to make sure you could move into MIT campus housing early), but again, if you find a professor whos willing to take you, it shouldnt be a problem. 4. Shannon asked if Adam and I are engaged. No, were not (although I just said to Adam, One of my blog readers asked if we were engaged, and his response was Pretty much.) However, by the end of 2006 I think the answer to that question will be quite different. :) (Oh god, so much goop in one entry. Its killing me.) 5. Shen said I know about that having a masters degree in the pure sciences really doesnt amount to much (particularly since my chem teacher has both a BS and PhD but not an MS), but how about engineering? In engineering, a masters degree is much more useful in fact, in many disciplines, you need a masters to get competitive engineering jobs. You wouldnt get a PhD in engineering, though, unless you wanted to become a professor. 6. Anonymous asked, I was just wondering, how much time did you spend in the lab during a typical week? Thanks! During IAP and summer, I work in the lab 40 hours a week. During term, it depends on how many classes Im taking sophomore year I worked about 10-12 hours a week, junior year I worked about 15, and this term Im actually going to be working about 18-20. (I like working in the lab. To be honest, I like working in the lab better than I like taking classes.)

Discrimination and Child - 1723 Words

SCMP3-1.1 How current and relevant legislation and policy affects work with children and young people. Children’s individual needs Quality of care Choice of service Management staffing Complaints protections Plan to support child, working in partnership with social worker and adhere to policies. Individual needs are met. To maximise the chance of positive outcomes for children. All of the policies and procedures by which I work are defined by The Childrens Act 1989 which legislates for England and Wales. All our Safeguarding measures, Health and Safety policies and Child protection procedures must follow the relevant legislations. As a children’s residential home we have to follow The National Minimum Standards too and it is these†¦show more content†¦Use team meetings to openly discuss and any concerns or issues Whistle blow to head of Social Services, Head Teacher at school etc., dependent on who the complaint is about. SCMP3-3.1 The professional responsibility to maintain current and competent practice. Follow legislations and policies making sure they are clear, precise and up to date. Keep all children’s records confidential and all life story work up to date. Update CPD and follow all training. Attend reviews i.e. LAC; PEP; IPP etc. Attend support groups. Ensure child has regular dental checks and is referred to a specialist if required for other welfare issues. SCMP3-3.2 Engage with professional supervision in order to improve practice. See attached supervision SCMP3-3.3 Seek, and learn from, feedback on own practice from colleagues and children and young people SCMP3-3.4 The importance of understanding the limits of personal competence and when to seek advice. Everyone has a limit of personal competence; training courses when offered should be taken where possible to ensure that you are competent to do the job and updated in new legislations etc. If we do not understand our own limit, we may take on a task that we are not comfortable with and can cause further harm to the child we may be dealing with, i.e. looking after a child that has been diagnosed ADHD and permanently chastising incorrectly as you have no knowledge of the condition and how bestShow MoreRelatedRacial Inequality And Discrimination Of Child Welfare1656 Words   |  7 Pagesdisproportionality and disparity in child welfare represents a complex phenomenon emanating from historical theoretical socioeconomic and policy trends that has shaped this service over the past several decades. There are many theories that have been proposed explain why racial disproportionality and disparity exists in child welfare. 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The Effects of Word Choice on Percerptions of Mental Illness

How does word choice affect a person’s perception of people who have a mental illness? If a person uses more politically correct language does that mean they are more understanding of people who have a mental illness or does it mean that people who use less politically correct language are more understanding of people with a mental illness. There have been plenty of studies carried out by researchers that have looked into word choice and its role on how it affects a person’s perception. For instance, in a study done by Angermeyer and Matschinger (2003) they conducted a survey that was done in Germany to see how word choice such, as labeling impacts a person’s perception of people who have schizophrenia either negatively or positively. They concluded in their hypothesis that it would negatively affect a person’s perception of people who have schizophrenia. In their study they had 5,025 participants who were eighteen years of age or older, were living in Ge rmany, and had citizenship in Germany. They concluded from their results that labeling does indeed negatively affect a person’s perception of people who have schizophrenia. Another study by Angermeyer, Buyantugs, Kenzine, and Matschinger (2004) replicated a study conducted in Germany that found labeling mental illness negatively impacted people’s perception of people with schizophrenia. The researchers decided to instead replicate the study in Novosibirsk which is located in Russia and Ulaanbaatar which is located in

The Branding Of Cities A Critical Exploration Free Essays

string(62) " of the firms that reside in San Francisco \(Rainisto 2003\)\." INTRODUCTION Branding has long been associated with marketing of products. Today, however, branding has grown beyond the image of a product to include branding of cities and other places (Dinnie 2011). This is due in large part to the increase in competition facilitated by globalization. We will write a custom essay sample on The Branding Of Cities: A Critical Exploration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nowadays, cities and other places are increasingly competing with each other for investment, attention, shoppers, visitors, talents, events and the like (Gelder Allan 2006). This has been accelerated and intensified by the process of globalization which has led to a situation where in, competition is no longer focused on the big cities but rather competition had grown global. In other words, competition is no longer limited to the big cities that compete for large sports events, UN bodies or for headquarters of multinational corporations (Gelder Allan 2006). Nowadays, the big cities are increasingly being confronted with competitors from the smaller places. Competition is increasingly growing global as cities from different continents compete for attention, investment, tourists and many others. For example, major towns in Italy have seen their furniture making industry clusters being wiped out by competitor towns in China who produce similar products but at a much a lower cost (Gelder Allan 2006). The need for places to differentiate themselves in pursuit of the various economic, political and psycho-social objectives has become necessary (Dinnie 2003). The application of branding techniques to cities and other places is growing in frequency, given the increasingly global competition facing nations and places, in both domestic and the external market. The adoption of conscious branding is thus essential, if places are to compete effectively on the global stage. Despite the force of this argument, some scholars argue that there is no such thing as place branding. For example, Simon Anholt, in his book Brand New Justice: The Upside of Global Branding argues that place branding is nothing but a myth. He views the notion of place branding as an excessively ambitious, unproven and ultimately irresponsible claim (Anholt, 2008). It is thus the sole purpose of this analysis to explore critically on this concept of place branding and to provide evidence that place branding do exists. We provide an evidence based argument and make visible particular themes and issues that would otherwise have remained ‘veiled to the eye’ of critics such as the success factors of place branding. We begin by exploring on the branding concept. THE CONCEPT OF BRANDING The branding concept dates back to about two centuries ago when Josiah Wedgwood realized that naming his dinnerware after English nobility and stamping his name on his pottery made it more desirable (Morgan et al 2002). Fast forward to the 1930s, Neil McElroy, the promotion manager at Procter Gambles developed a brand management system where in various groups of people could be assigned to handle specific marketing strategies for competing brands (Morgan et al 2002). By the 1980s, the title of a brand manager was increasingly being acknowledged as a coveted job for a typical graduate from a business school (Morgan et al 2002). By the mid-1990s, branding had grown increasingly popular and was being applied to products and to the retailers that sell these products as well, with names like Victoria’s Secret and Bath Body Works (Morgan et al 2002).. Today, branding has grown to include the application of branding techniques to cities and places as competition for investment, attention, shoppers, visitors, talents, events and the like continue to go stronger with globalization. PLACE BRANDING AND TOURISM Place branding is of particular relevance to tourism as the experience of a tourist in a particular country contributes immensely to the image of that country. For example, a distinctive brand that captures the spirit of a city may be created to inspire travelers, the industry and the general populace itself (Kotler Gertner 2002). A simplistic and often unsubstantiated assumption that is frequently made about place branding is that consumers construct their perception of a nation based on their experience of product purchase in that particular nation (Dinnie 2003). However, as Jaffe Nabenzahl (2001) suggest, there are many determinants to the image perception of a country than merely a product purchase. For example, a tourist’s personal experience contributes far more strongly to the perception of the image of a country than a mere product purchase. In this regard, Gnoth (2002) recognizes tourism as an important determinant of a country’s image perceptions and attempts to develop a theoretical model of leveraging the brand of a country through a tourism destination brand, where in services that enhance a tourists experience at a destination are used to develop the brand of a country across different industries. Place branding must have the following to succeed 1) People’ s experience of the place Place branding should be based on people’s experience. Despite advances in technology that have created advanced ways of reaching people such as advertising, communication of most information is still done in the old fashioned way by word-of-mouth (Rainisto 2003). If, for example, tourists have a good experience with New York City, they communicate this experience to the others thereby boosting the image of the city 2) Perception Perception is yet another important element of place branding. Let’s take the case of New York as an example; the perception of New York in most people’s mind is a city that is rich and cosmopolitan (Rainisto 2003). It is perceived to be a city that offers its inhabitants and visitors almost everything that could be demanded of a city including commerce, finance, Universities and colleges, industries, historical sites and cultural and economic opportunities (Rainisto 2003). This perception is important for a city to achieve a brand success. 3) What the city or place stands for? For a place brand to be created, it must have a meaning or stand for something. For example, San Francisco stands for industry, culture and technology (Rainisto 2003). Apple, Oracle, Intel, Xpedior, Jamcracker, Genentech, Blue Matrix, and Sun Microsystems among others are just but a few of the firms that reside in San Francisco (Rainisto 2003). You read "The Branding Of Cities: A Critical Exploration" in category "Essay examples" San Francisco is also known for its diversity including Chinatown, Alcatraz, the Silicon Valley, Fisherman’s Wharf, Museum of Modern Art, the retail environment and proximity of Monterey and Carmel (Rainisto 2003). Similarly, New York City stands for not only its cultural icons, but for its financial district and wall street, as well. It is home to the large financial institutions in the world including WorldBank, American Express, CitiGroup, Royal Bank of Canada, J.P. Morgan/Chase, Wachovia, United Bank of Switzerland and Deutsche Bank among many others (Rainisto 2003). New York is also home to investment firms such as Bear Sterns, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and Lehman Brothers among many others (Rainisto 2003). These key factors have contributed to its brand success. 4) Appearance Appearance is yet another factor that determines the success of a place brand. The appearance of a place, particularly the physical characteristics are important in place branding. Places are defined by their appearance, location, function and cultural attainments. For example, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, San Francisco and Barcelona are primarily known for their harbors (Hall 2002). Similarly, New York and Zurich are famed as banking centers while places like Boston, Atlanta and Charleston are known for their architecture and history (Rainisto 2003). Clearly place branding is very much in existence and has contributed to the success of major cities including New York, Paris, San Francisco and many others. Place branding is, however, not without its criticism. CRITICISM OF PLACE BRANDING According to Anholt (2003) nations may be said to have brands in the form of reputations which are important to their progress and prosperity; in a similar way to which brand images are important to corporations. But the idea of creating a brand for a country, place, city or region in a similar way to branding of products is both vain and foolish. Anholt argues that there is no conclusive evidence that shows that marketing communications programmes, slogans or logos can succeed in altering the perceptions of places. In fact some evidence seems to suggest the opposite. Since the launch of the Anholt Nation Brands Index in 2005, Anholt notes that there has been no correlation between the changes in brand value of a nation and expenditure on nation branding campaigns (Anholt 2010). He, in fact, suggests that several countries that had not done marketing had seen an overall improvement in their images while those that had spent heavily on advertising and public relations campaign had seen their brand value stagnate or even decline (Anholt 2010). In as much as Anholt insists that places can’t be reduced to simplistic images, I concur with the view that place branding do exists as evident with cities such as New York, San Francisco, Paris, Berlin and Rochester which have continued to experience brand success CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED WHEN CREATING PLACE BRANDS Place branding, however, is not as simple as it may look and has various challenges that vary from place to place. For example, city branding needs to be specific on what it wants to sell and to whom, but at the same time it has to appeal to as wide market as possible (Dinnie 2011). Unlike a product or service brand, a place brand is often unclear and difficult to define. What should a place brand coverAnd what should be the geographical scope of this brandThese are some of the questions that are often overlooked when creating a place brand. Take, for example, the brand Lisboa e Vale do Tejo which incorporates the city of Lisbon and the area of Vale do Tejo (Dinnie 2011). The main problem with this brand is its apparent lack of focus. This brand unites the urban and cosmopolitan city of Lisbon with the area of Vale do Tejo which mainly comprises of natural parks, rural areas, and picturesque cities like Santarem (Dinnie 2011). This combination of places with distinct variables creates a complex and incongruous brand image. Moreover, a place brand that is created may have a broader meaning to the target consumers than the intended meaning of the brand (Dinnie 2011). In other words, the perception of the consumers about a brand created to represent a particular area may be different than initially planned. Clearly, place branding is highly complex and achieving a predetermined position is far more difficult than that of a product or service brand. CONCLUSION Despite the challenges and criticism of place branding, we have identified that it is actually possible to brand a city and that the success of major cities such as New York, Paris, San Francisco among many others is due to the adoption of conscious branding which had seen them competing effectively on a global stage. REFERENCE Anholt, S., 2010. Places. Identity, images and reputation. Palgrave Macmillan Anholt, S., 2003. Brand New Justice: The Upside of Global Branding. Oxford, UK: Butterworth- Heinemann publishers. Dinnie, K., 2011. City branding: theory and cases. 1 edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Dinnie, K., 2003. Place branding: overview of an emerging literature. Gelder, S.V. and M. Allan, 2006. City branding: how cities compete in the 21st century. Hall, D., 2002. â€Å"Branding and national identity: the case of Central and Eastern Europe†. In: Morgan, N., Pritchard, A., and R. Pride (Eds.) (2002), Destination Branding: Creating the unique destination proposition, Oxford UK: Butterworth Heinemann. Jaffe, E.D. and I.D. Nebenzahl, 2001. National Image Competitive Advantage: The Theory and Practice of Country-of-Origin Effect, Copenhagen Business School Press Kotler, P. and D. Gertner, 2002. â€Å"Country as brand, product, and beyond: A place marketing and brand management perspective†, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4-5, pp. 249-261 Morgan, N., Pritchard, A., and R. Pride, (Eds.), 2002. Destination Branding: Creating the unique destination proposition. Oxford UK: Butterworth Heinemann. Rainisto, S., 2003. Success Factors of Place Marketing. A Study of Place Marketing Practices in Northern Europe and the United States. Helsinki University of Technology. 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Richard Williams, III Essays (1459 words) - Crime, American Folklore

Richard Williams, III History 1301 Fitz-Gerald November 16, 2016 Book Review David Cordingly, Under the Black Flag , 2006, Random House Trade Paperbacks, 336, nonfiction/ history society Under the Black Flag by David Cordingly is a written time capsule that allows the reader to look back on the culture and behavior of the Pirates. It also provides you with little known fact and common misconceptions about the big bad Buccaneers of the oceans. This book contains 12 chapters with each of them covering different important features of piracy and buccaneer culture. Chapter one established the window of history this takes place, which is the 1700's to the 1800's initially encouraging a light-hearted view of pirates especially in the 1880s. Also it talked about the well-known companion of the pirate, the parrot; stating that parrots and other birds were sold by "seamen" at the ports and markets of popular coastal cities. Pirates also used slaves as displayed in many modern movies, however, the real slaves had even less rights and humanity than the animals or even the weapons on the ship. One of the most notorious pirates was Edward Teach also referred to as Edward Thatch or Blackbeard, even though one of the more "to standard" pirates were people like Henry Avery, who seized HMS Charles while at port and renamed it "Fancy". Also in 1695 he captured the Gunsway, a ship owned by the Great Mogul. Even with all this success and pirate wealth it is suspected that after retirement he later died in poverty after wasting all his earnings at bars and on wenches. In chapter two, Plundering the Treasure Ports , the topic of pirate treasury and loot. It was found that in the late 1700's a Brit named Francis drake raided a Central American train taking much silver and gold, while sailing in a manner called circumnavigation, he captured the Spanish ship Cacafuego carrying an estimated equivalent of 12,000,000 pounds of treasure and it was calculated that he ported with a modern equivalent of roughly 68,000,000 pounds in treasure. It was also translated that "Pieces of Eight" were actually silver currency and "Dabloons" were gold coins or other forms of gold currency. Around the early 1500's a Frenchman named Jean Fleury was sailing off the shore of Portugal when he captured multiple Spanish treasure ships filled with the glorious findings of the Aztec civilizations, which intern led to the mass flood of Cent ral American in search of riches. Around the 1550's older cousin of Francis Drake, John Hankins entered himself, briefly into the slave trade by gathering slaves and trading them to the Americas until the King of Spain put an embargo on his trading. Finally around the 1630s the pirates or buccaneers relocated themselves to a central stronghold on the Island of Tortuga (meaning turtle), and established a fort-style civilization to protect themselves from the conflicting nations. Chapter 3, Sir Henry Morgan , provided a detailed history on Sir Morgan. Morgan died in 1688 with wealth and nobility as a knight, after being made Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica. His life wasn't always pretty. Henry was arrested after the sacking of Panam. Morgan also joined the army before graduating high school to become the Admiral of the Brethren of the Coast at the age of 32. In his position he led the capture of Portobello, ransomed the city the Panamanian President for roughly 250,000 pesos and al so assembled ships to take the city of Cartagena, however, this plan was cancelled. In chapter four, Women Pirates and Pirates' Women , briefly discusses some of the women pirates such as Mary Read and Anne Bonny, who sailed dress as men with John Rackam, also known as Calico Jack. Later on Rackam, his crew, and the two women were captured and tried with piracy. All were hung except the two women due to their pregnancies at the time even though Mary Read later died in her prison cell of illness. Other famous female's pirates include Grace O'Malley and Mrs. Chang who successfully disguised themselves as men to maintain their reputations as fierce pirates. Chapter 5, Storms, Shipwrecks, and Life at Sea , reviews the misconception that shipwrecks were common and